Winston Churchill Essays (2588 words) - Winston Churchill

Winston Churchill Sir Winston Spencer Churchill Winston Churchill was born in 1874 and died, aged ninety, in 1965. He was active in British politics for almost sixty years and was twice Prime Minister. He was a soldier, an artist, a historian, and a journalist, as well as a politician. He was a man of great mental energy, of vivid imagination, and powerful ambition. He was frequently the center of stormy political activity; criticism and abuse were often showered upon him. But he died respected and mourned not only by his own nation, but by the world, for which he had done so much when he led the fight against Nazi tyranny and refused to surrender or to despair of victory. (Gilbert 13) On November 30, 1874, Winston Spencer Churchill was born to Lord Randolph Churchill and Jennie Churchill at Blenheim Palace. In 1888, he was placed in Harrow School. At the end of his first year at Harrow, the boy's grades were still the lowest in his class. Reluctantly his father gave up any notion of Winston's following in his own footsteps. Remembering his son's passion for playing at war, Lord Randolph asked him if he was still interested in the army. Winston was delighted over the thought that his father recognized his military genius. The sad truth that his father considered him hopeless in any other field never occurred to the self-assured lad. (Manchester 13) He was then sent to Sandhurst, a Royal Military Academy, in 1893. He joined the army and began selling articles to the Daily Graphic. In 1898, his first book, The Malakand Field Force, was published. The next year he resigned from the army to enter politics. July 6, 1899 Churchill lost his first election as a Conservative candidate. When the Boer War broke out, the London Morning Post sent Churchill as a reporter. A month after arriving in South Africa he was captured by the Boers but made a daring escape. When he returned to England in 1900 he ran for election again and won. ?Entering Parliament in 1901, he rose in the course of a very few years to a position in which every major event in England's affairs was part of his life story? (Coolidge 1). Churchill joined the Liberal party in 1904, after other Conservatives pushed for a Tariff Reform. The next year the Conservative party was defeated in the House of Commons and the Liberals offered Churchill the seat of Under Secretary for the colonies. In 1906, Churchill published another book, this one being a biography of his father, Lord Randolph Churchill who died in 1895. In 1908, the Prime Minister appointed Churchill as the President of the Board of Trade, which was his first seat in the cabinet. Later that year he married Clementine Hozier. In July of 1909 their first child, Diana, was born. Churchill was promoted again in 1910 as Home Secretary, which made him responsible for law and order. In the May of 1911 the Churchills had their first son, Randolph. October of 1911 brought Churchill a new position, First Lord of Admiralty. ?In the Cabinet Churchill argued with his colleagues to get money for the expansion of the Navy? (Jones 16). He felt that there had to be an expansion of the navy to compete with Germany's increase in sea power. In 1914, he strongly backed the Irish Home Rule by threatening rebellious Ulster Protestants with the Royal Navy. He was greatly criticized for his extreme method of solving the Irish problem. On August 4, 1914, war with Germany began and Churchill's expanded Navy was ready for war. Churchill was removed from the Admiralty in 1915 because of his failed plan to seize the Dardanelles from Germany. The Dardanelles haunted Churchill for years because he was removed from office before his full plan had been executed. After he was not included in the new War Cabinet, Churchill resigned from the government and joined the fighting in France during the November of 1915. Six months later he left the army to begin politics again. He felt he had learned a great deal from being in the trenches. Churchill used this knowledge to make critical speeches about the slaughter he had seen in the trenches. He championed

Free Essays on Adhd

ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a major problem among the youth of America today. ADHD is treated with Ritalin, stratera, or adderall. These drugs calm the person to make then function at a normal level. Many famous individuals had ADHD. Einstein was one. Would Einstein be what he was if he took medication? Einstein, like many other did not take medication for their disorder. Could he have had more success or less with treatment? Many individuals think that having ADHD is a gift. Tomas Edison, Salvador Dail, and Winston Churchill are other famous people who were diagnosed with ADHD. As many as 12% of children today have bin diagnosed with ADHD. ADHD in pre schools is up to 49%. ADHD could greatly increase creativity in the youth of the world. A student in a chem. Lab will think more creatively with ADHD. David Neeleman, CEO Of jet blue airways never took his prescription for his ADHD. David claims that because of not taking medication that he was able to think a lot more unconventionally. David is now the CEO of one of the hottest airlines around. Jet Blue is a revolution in air travel because of the way it is set up. More leg room and also a personal TV in the back of every chair. David claims that having ADHD was one of the reasons that he was able to come up with such elaborate ideas. Studies are starting to advance in seeing what other types of medication could be used to treat ADHD. I was diagnosed with ADHD when I was in 6th grade. I was medicated for about a year and then the doctor said that I had such a slight case that I would be fine with out medication. Some people live on their medication. My little cousin has a sever case of ADHD. Before he was on medication he was uncontrollable. You can tell if you’re around him if he is on of off his medication. When it wears off he is like a time bomb waiting to explode. This research is going to be very valuable informa... Free Essays on ADHD Free Essays on ADHD There are at least two million children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the United States (Moragne 24). All around us, ADHD causes clever children and adults to under function at school or work. ADHD needs to be taken seriously. People need to be aware of what ADHD is, what some of the characteristics and symptoms are, what some of the probable causes are, and some ways it can be treated. ADHD is one of the most common childhood behaviors. The prognosis for ADHD can be alarming if not treated. ADHD must be recognized and treated properly. If this does not happen, it will continue to severely disadvantage children and adults. The best time to diagnose and give support is early. Poorly managed ADHD can lead to serious long-term problems such as feeling dumb, low self-esteem, academic failure and more. There are different types of ADHD with a variety of characteristics. No one has all the same symptoms or displays the disorder in the exact same way. ADHD is diagnosed ten times more frequently in boys than girls (Discovery). Many girls have the predominantly inattentive type of the disorder and are likely not being identified and diagnosed (Green 6). ADHD is a developmental disorder characterized by inappropriate degrees of inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity. It is a disorder causing excessive activity level, excessive distractibility, and excessive responsiveness and emotional reactions. ADHD is also a lifelong disorder. It generally continues into adolescence, and sometimes even into adulthood. However, the symptoms may change as the person matures. The challenging behaviors that are exhibited by children with ADHD stem from their physiological, neurobiological disorder. The inappropriate and dangerous behaviors they may display are generally not willful or deliberate (Mor agne 26). The diagnosis of ADHD is complex. There are a number of other medical, learning, psychiatric, and s... Free Essays on Adhd Attention Deficit Disorder in Today's Society Attention deficit disorder is the subject of two widely challenged debates in medicinal practice and theory. One, the argument for ADD being a clinical and mental â€Å"disorder†, is in favor of medical treatment, claiming the diagnosis is attributable to brain damage or neurological defects. The second gives an alternative idea behind ADD, stating that people showing traits of the disorder often exemplify characteristics such as creativity, inventiveness, and even giftedness. As a rising percentage of children are being diagnosed with the disorder, more and more research has been called for, in an attempt to find an actual cause. ADD is classified as multi-factorial, meaning that multiple reasons are generally attributed to its development and diagnosis. A diagnostic criterion includes hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. The intent of this paper is to provide arguments and evidence on both sides of the issue, followed by standard and alternative methods for dealing with ADD. The history of attention deficit disorder goes back to World War 1, when a number of soldiers who experienced head injuries demonstrated hyperactivity as a side effect. It was then that ADD was classified as a disorder related to either brain damage or a defect of some kind. It has been proven, however, that this is false. ADD or attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) can also be attributed to giftedness. Studies show that ADD is genetic and it runs in families. Years ago, children exhibiting severe affects of hyperactivity were primarily diagnosed, mostly because they suffered brain damage or trauma. Today, the diagnostic criterion has been expanded so that any underachiever or inattentive child fits the bill. Subsequently, millions of kids in America are getting labeled as ADD. Most studies show that 3 to 5 percent of the population possesses attention deficit disorder. Symptoms related to the... Free Essays on ADHD ADHD is attention deficit disorder accompanied by impassivity and over activity. Medical scientists think ADHD is caused by a chemical problem in the brain. The front part of the brain helps you pay attention, concentrate, organize things, and put breaks on impulsive or unacceptable behavior. People’s brains with ADHD may not be able to use the brain’s main signal senders, neurotransmitters, the way it is suppose to. The front part of the brain has very little to do with intelligence, so it is possible to be very smart and still have ADHD. â€Å" 3-5% of school-age children are affected by ADHD. Hyperactivity is easy to spot, and more boys than girls tend to be hyperactivity. If one person in a family has ADHD, there is a good chance that someone else in the family had or has it too.† (Beal 10) It is best to get evaluated for ADHD as early as possible. In most cases, someone at school, a teacher, counselor, or principal suggest a student be tested for ADHD. The evaluations usually take time and are done in two parts. First a student takes one or more of the following tests: Intelligence – to help evaluate the students IQ and reasoning abilities. Achievement – to find the actual grade level the student is working at. Fine motor skills – to see if there are problems with the student’s hand-eye coordination and/or writing skills. Then the student is evaluated. Parents are asked to describe their child’s behavior over a long period of time. The student’s teachers are asked to rate the student’s behavior using standardized forms, and to give their personal opinion of the student’s schoolwork and behavior. The student is asked what they think their problem is what their thoughts and feelings are and, what they do at home and school. When all the information from the test, evaluations, and observations has been combined, a medical diagnosis is made. â€Å"A diagnosis of ADHD is given only if the child has a life long ... Free Essays on Adhd ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a major problem among the youth of America today. ADHD is treated with Ritalin, stratera, or adderall. These drugs calm the person to make then function at a normal level. Many famous individuals had ADHD. Einstein was one. Would Einstein be what he was if he took medication? Einstein, like many other did not take medication for their disorder. Could he have had more success or less with treatment? Many individuals think that having ADHD is a gift. Tomas Edison, Salvador Dail, and Winston Churchill are other famous people who were diagnosed with ADHD. As many as 12% of children today have bin diagnosed with ADHD. ADHD in pre schools is up to 49%. ADHD could greatly increase creativity in the youth of the world. A student in a chem. Lab will think more creatively with ADHD. David Neeleman, CEO Of jet blue airways never took his prescription for his ADHD. David claims that because of not taking medication that he was able to think a lot more unconventionally. David is now the CEO of one of the hottest airlines around. Jet Blue is a revolution in air travel because of the way it is set up. More leg room and also a personal TV in the back of every chair. David claims that having ADHD was one of the reasons that he was able to come up with such elaborate ideas. Studies are starting to advance in seeing what other types of medication could be used to treat ADHD. I was diagnosed with ADHD when I was in 6th grade. I was medicated for about a year and then the doctor said that I had such a slight case that I would be fine with out medication. Some people live on their medication. My little cousin has a sever case of ADHD. Before he was on medication he was uncontrollable. You can tell if you’re around him if he is on of off his medication. When it wears off he is like a time bomb waiting to explode. This research is going to be very valuable informa...

How to Use Delphi to Build a Custom Windows Explorer

How to Use Delphi to Build a Custom Windows Explorer Windows Explorer is what you use in the Windows operating system to browse for files and folders. You can create a similar structure with Delphi so that the same content is populated within your programs user interface. Common dialog boxes are used in Delphi to open and save a file in an application. If you want to use customized file managers and directory browsing dialogs, you have to deal with file system Delphi components. The Win 3.1 VCL palette group includes several components that allow you to build your own custom File Open or File Save dialog box: TFileListBox, TDirectoryListBox, TDriveComboBox, and TFilterComboBox. Navigating Files The file system components allow us to select a drive, see the hierarchical directory structure of a disk, and see the names of the files in a given directory. All of the file system components are designed to work together. For example, your code checks what the user has done to, say, a DriveComboBox and then passes this information on to a DirectoryListBox. The changes in DirectoryListBox are then passed to a FileListBox in which the user can select the file(s) needed. Designing the Dialog Form Start a new Delphi application and select the Win 3.1 tab of the Component palette. Then do the following: Place one TFileListBox, TDirectoryListBox, TDriveComboBox, and TFilterComboBox component on a form, keeping all of their default namesAdd one TEdit (named FileNameEdit) and one TLabel (call it DirLabel).Include a few labels with captions, like File Name, Directory, List Files of Type, and Drives. To show the currently selected path as a string in a DirLabel components caption, assign the Labels name to the DirectoryListBoxs DirLabel property. If you want to display the selected filename in an EditBox (FileNameEdit), you have to assign the Edit objects Name (FileNameEdit) to the FileListBoxs FileEdit property. More Lines of Code When you have all the file system components on the form, you just have to set the DirectoryListBox.Drive property and the FileListBox.Directory property in order for the components to communicate and show what the user wants to see. For example, when the user selects a new drive, Delphi activates the DriveComboBox OnChange event handler. Make it look like this:   procedure TForm1.DriveComboBox1Change(Sender: TObject) ;beginDirectoryListBox1.Drive : DriveComboBox1.Drive;end; This code changes the display in the DirectoryListBox by activating its OnChange event Handler:   procedure TForm1.DirectoryListBox1Change(Sender: TObject) ;beginFileListBox1.Directory : DirectoryListBox1.Directory;end; In order to see what file the user has selected, you need to use the OnDblClick event of the FileListBox:   procedure TForm1.FileListBox1DblClick(Sender: TObject) ;beginShowmessage(Selected: FileListBox1.FileName) ;end; Remember that the Windows convention is to have a double-click choose the file, not a single click. This is important when you work with a FileListBox because using an arrow key to move through a FileListBox would call any OnClick handler that you have written. Filtering the Display Use a FilterComboBox to control the type of files that are displayed in a FileListBox. After setting the FilterComboBoxs FileList property to the name of a FileListBox, set the Filter property to the file types that you want to display. Heres a sample filter:   FilterComboBox1.Filter : All files (*.*)|*.* | Project files (*.dpr)|*.dpr | Pascal units (*.pas)|*.pas; Hints and Tips Setting the DirectoryListBox.Drive property and the FileListBox.Directory property (in the previously written OnChange event handlers) at runtime  can be also be done at design time. You can accomplish this kind of connection at design time by setting the following properties (from the Object Inspector): DriveComboBox1.DirList : DirectoryListBox1DirectoryListBox1.FileList : FileListBox1 Users can select multiple files in a FileListBox if its MultiSelect property is True. The following code shows how to create a list of multiple selections in a FileListBox and show it in a SimpleListBox (some ordinary ListBox control).   var k: integer;...with FileListBox1 doif SelCount 0 thenfor k:0 to Items.Count-1 doif Selected[k] thenSimpleListBox.Items.Add(Items[k]) ; To display full path names that are not shortened with an ellipsis, do not assign a Label object name to the DirLabel property of a DirectoryListBox. Instead, insert a Label into a form and set its caption property in the DirectoryListBoxs OnChange event to the DirectoryListBox.Directory property.

Logistic regression classifier for the churn Data Coursework

Logistic regression classifier for the churn Data - Coursework Example The programming code is as follows: LOGISTIC  REGRESSION  VARIABLES  good_bad   Ã‚  /METHOD=ENTER  checking  duration  history  purpose  amount  savings  employed  installp  marital  coapp  resident  property  age  other  housing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  existcr  job  depends  telephon  foreign   Ã‚  /CONTRAST  (purpose)=Indicator   Ã‚  /CLASSPLOT   Ã‚  /PRINT=CORR   Ã‚  /CRITERIA=PIN(0.05)  POUT(0.10)  ITERATE(20)  CUT(0.5). Then the analysis is presented below: Case Processing Summary Unweighted Cases N Percent Selected Cases Included in Analysis 964 96.4 Missing Cases 36 3.6 Total 1000 100.0 Unselected Cases 0 .0 Total 1000 100.0 a. If weight is in effect, see classification table for the total number of cases. Dependent Variable Encoding Original Value Internal Value Bad 0 Good 1 Categorical Variables Codings Frequency Parameter coding (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) purpose 3 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 . 000 .000 0 225 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1 100 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 2 174 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 3 268 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 4 12 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 5 22 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 .000 6 47 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 .000 8 9 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 .000 9 94 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 1.000 X 10 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 Beginning block Classification Table Observed Predicted good_bad Percentage Correct bad good Step 0 good_bad bad 0 292 .0 good 0 672 100.0 Overall Percentage 69.7 Variables in the Equation B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B) Step 0 Constant .834 .070 141.414 1 .000 2.301 Variables not in the Equation Score df Sig. Step 0 Variables checking 119.858 1 .000 duration 40.086 1 .000 History 48.045 1 .000 purpose 39.421 10 .000 purpose(1) 6.926 1 .008 purpose(2) 9.752 1 .002 purpose(3) 9.334 1 .002 purpose(4) .361 1 .548 purpose(5) 12.039 1 .001 purpose(6) .053 1 .817 purpose(7) .393 1 .531 purpose(8) 4.846 1 .028 purpose(9) 1.583 1 .208 purpose(10) .694 1 .405 amount 18.355 1 .000 savings 30.125 1 .000 employed 14.071 1 .000 installp 5.548 1 .019 marital 8.537 1 .003 coapp .419 1 .518 resident .000 1 .996 property 20.211 1 .000 age 7.933 1 .005 other 10.626 1 .001 housing .146 1 .703 existcr 2.184 1 .139 job .426 1 .514 depends .067 1 .797 telephon 2.137 1 .144 foreign 8.114 1 .004 a. Residual Chi-Squares are not computed because of redundancies. Block  1:  Method  =  Enter Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients Chi-square df Sig. Step 1 Step 299.197 29 .000 Block 299.197 29 .000 Model 299.197 29 .000 Model Summary Step -2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square 1 883.255a .267 .378 a. Estimation terminated at iteration number 20 because maximum iterations has been reached. Final solution canno t be found. The sensitivity and specificity analysis can be done as follows: Classification Table Observed Predicted good_bad Total Good Bad good_bad Good 596 (TP) 76 (FP) 672 Bad 140 (FN) 152 (TN) 292 Total 736 (Sensitivity) 228 (Specificity) 964 TP: True Positive; TN: True Negative; FP: False Positive; FN: False Negative Sensitivity=TP/(TP+FN)=596/(596+140)=0.812 or 81,7%

The relationship between asthma medications and periodontal disease Essay

The relationship between asthma medications and periodontal disease - Essay Example Herein, the reasons asthmatic patients are more prone to gum disease will be discussed. As well, what asthmatics can do to help prevent tooth and gum decay will be a source of study. Periodontitis is a "condition characterized by inflammation of the periodontal tissues, leading to tissue destruction, bone resorption, attachment loss, and, in some cases, tooth loss" (Saver, Hujoel, Cunha-Cruz, and Maupome, 2007). Asthma, on the other hand, is a "common [breathing] disorder, especially in the industrialized part of the world" (Sulssa and Ernst, 2001). When asthma episodes, or "attacks" occur, many patients rely on the use of handheld inhalers, which deliver a corticosteroid medication from the mouth, into the airway. The inhalation of the corticosteroid causes a dilatation, allowing for more air to pass into the lungs. It would seem, then, that gum disease and asthma are unrelated, but the life-saving corticosteroid could, in fact, have a negative impact on oral health. Nebraska dentist Dan Peterson devotes a website to, in part, the link between asthma medication and periodontitis. In his section "Oral Health Changes in Individual with Asthma," it is written that asthmatic patients have an "increased rate of caries." Many things cause dental caries, or cavities, but asthma inhalers usually contain sugar, which is a culprit in tooth decay. The website also lists the problems of "reduced salivary flow due to inhaler use and increased prevalence of oral tissue changes" as other reasons that asthmatic face mouth trouble. Dry mouth, also called xerostomia, can be caused by inhaler use. It is problematic because it causes "tooth decay and gum disease and makes you more vulnerable to inflammation" (Schaaf and Higbee, 1993). An article in Harvard Women's Health Watch adds, "Persistent xerostomia is a serious and often uncomfortable condition that can jeopardize oral health. It makes eating and swallowing difficult, causes bad breath, and may irritate mouth tissues, leaving them more vulnerable to infection". The article goes on to explain that inhalers can cause a reduction in saliva. The moisture of saliva is absolutely necessary. Its decrease, which can also be caused by painkillers, blood pressure medications, antidepressants, etc., is cause for concern. Advice is offered to combat dry mouth. The article offers that over-the-counter products that increase saliva production are one way to go. It also suggests trying to drink lots of water, limiting sugar intake, and chewing sugar-free gum. Avoiding de hydrating habits like drinking alcohol, smoking, or consuming caffeine might also help when the use of inhalers make xerostomia a problem. Inhalers aren't perfect, but they are necessary. "Sustained use of inhaled corticosteroids reduces the risk of severe exacerbations requiring hospitalization as well as death from asthma and therefore provides a simple and effective tool by which to eliminate major adverse events for patients with this common disorder" (Suissa and Ernst, 2001). Since asthmatics can't ignore breathing problems for fear of gum disease, advice is offered for sustained good oral health. Peterson's website suggests frequent dental check-ups and cleanings. It also suggests fluoride treatments, a proper at-home routine, the

Acids and Alkalis Lab Report Essay Example for Free

Acids and Alkalis Lab Report Essay An acid is a group of chemicals. Acids are positively charged ions, they are liquid and are solutions of pure compounds in water. If you want to know if something is an acid, you can test it by using litmus paper. Acids will turn litmus paper red, whilst alkalis will turn it blue. Alkalis are negatively charged ions and are usually solid. Aim:To find out how much of different acids is needed to neutralize 25mls of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). Hypothesis:The strongest alkali will need the smallest amount of an acid to cancel out and the weakest will need more acid. Variables: Control| Independent| Dependent| The indicator, NaOH| H2SO4 HClHNO3| The chemical reaction between the acids and alkali. | Materials / Apparatus: * H2SO4 * HCL * HNO3 * Alkali (NaOH) * Stand * Burette * Beaker * Funnel * Bunsen Burner * Crucible * Phenolphyalein Method: 1. Pour the 25 ml of NaOH into a beaker. 2. Drop three drops of phenolphyalein into the beaker. 3. The solution will now turn pink. . Through a funnel, pour the acid into the burette. Start dripping a few drops one by one into the beaker. 6. The solution will start getting a lighter shade of pink. 7. Stir the beaker around. 8. Once the solution turns clear, stop adding more acid. 9. Calculate the amount of acid used. 10. Take the solution and pour a bit of it into a crucible. 11. Light the Bunsen burner. 12. The salt solution will turn into salt crystals when it is heated. NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O NaOH + HNO3 = NaNO3 NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O Observations: Alkali| Acid| Moles| Observation| NaOH| HCL| 1 Mole| Took 4 ml to neutralize. No further experiment was made. | NaOH| HCL| 0. 1 Mole| Took 31 ml to neutralize. 2. 30 minutes until pink salt crystals were formed. | NaOH| HNO3| 1 Mole| Took 19. 2 ml to neutralize. 2 minutes until good white salt crystals were formed. | NaOH| H2SO4| 2 Moles| Took 1. 1 ml to neutralize. 2. 15 minutes until rings of white salt were formed. | Analysis: The weakest acid (HCl 0. 1 Mole) needed the most alkali to be made into salt and the strongest (H2SO4 2 Moles) needed the least. Different experiments made different salts. Conclusion: The strongest acid will work faster and you will need less. This is because it is a lot more reactive than the weaker acids and it will want to react much faster with the alkali. Evaluation: In my group, Zuzanna and I were the ones doing the experiment while everyone else observed and took notes on what happened. The first time, we dropped one too many drops of H2SO4 in the alkali so the alkali quickly turned pink again. We had to try it six times before we could get it right because we kept putting too much in or we would forget how much we put in. But after a few tries we finally got it to work and we got the correct solution. Therefore we could finally go on to the next step and heat up the solution. It took our salt around 2 minutes and 15 seconds to heat up, evaporate and leave us with small rings of white salt crystals. Our salt crystals did not turn out as the best, but they were successful.

Essay --

REVIEW OF DANIEL GOLDHAGEN’S ‘A MORAL RECKONING: THE ROLE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE HOLOCAUST AND ITS UNFULLFILLED DUTY OF REPAIR’ This essay will review Daniel Goldhagen’s controversial moral inquiry, ‘A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair’, published in 2002. Goldhagen attended Harvard University as a graduate, undergraduate and assistant professor until he was denied tenure in 2003; this possibly indicates his limited status as an academic. Goldhagen notes that he is ‘indebted’ to his father, a Holocaust survivor, for some of his findings on the Holocaust. This personal connection to the Holocaust on the one hand allows Goldhagen to write more passionately. On the other hand, it obscures his ability to view evidence objectively, evident in this book under review. Goldhagen status rose to notoriety due to the controversial nature of his first book, ‘Hitler’s Willing Executioners’ published in 1996. This received much criticism and perhaps more importantly to Goldhagen, plenty of publicity. The contentious assertions of the book, whether academically valid or not, established the relative novice amongst historians. This is evident in the abundance of secondary literature that comments on Goldhagen’s work including that edited by F. Littell and F. Kautz. Goldhagen’s credentials as a controversial author explain the extremist content of his second book, ‘A Moral Reckoning’. Goldhagen’s academic background in political science is evident in the books emphasis on the church as a ‘political institution’ and the pope as a ‘political leader’ (p. 184). . This limits his work as a historian as he fails to fully examine the role of the individual. Goldhagen’s ... ...es are manipulated for his argument. Goldhagen’s controversial and stimulating study encourages research to continue and in 2013 Jewish leaders pressured Pope Francis to open the Vatican archives from 1939-1947. The opening of these archives will instigate more investigations in this field and until these archives are opened the historical record will not be clarified. The importance of these archives illustrates the interesting nature of historical literature. The study of history focuses predominantly around primary materials, however these materials do not provide a definitive depiction of the past. Historians analyze primary sources to deduce an interpretation of the past. The discrepancies between historian’s interpretations form historiographical debate. It would be interesting to examine the extent to which historians are perhaps just academic storytellers.