The Process Control Management In Linux Information Technology Essay

The Process Control Management In Linux Information Technology Essay Linux began to develop in 1991 when a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, wrote a tiny self-contained kernel for the 80396 processors. Linux source code was available free on the internet. Due to that Linux developed by many users from around the world. Linux is a free operating system and modern based on UNIX standards. A complete Linux system contains many components that were developed independently of Linux. The core of Linux operating system kernel is completely original, but it allows many existing free UNIX software to run, resulting in a complete UNIX compatible operating system free from proprietary code. Introduction A process is the basic context between all user activity and user-request within the operating system. Linux needs to use a process model familiar to other versions of UNIX to be compatible with them. Linux operates same as UNIX and differently few key places. Section 1: Operating Systems Process control management in Linux Processes and Threads Linux prepares a fork () system call with the customary functionality of replicating a process. Linux provide ability to create threads through the clone () system call. However, Linux cannot mark as different between processes and threads. Actually, Linux usually uses the term task when applying to a flow of control within a program. When clone () is requested, it is passed a group of flog that determine how much sharing is to take place between the parent and child duties. Thus, if clone () is approved the flags CLONE_FS, CL0NE_VM, CLONE_SIGHAND, and CLONE_FILES, the parent and child duties will share the same file-system information, the same memory space, the same signal handlers, and the same set of open files. Using clone () in this style same as creating a thread in other systems, since the parent duty shares most of resources with child duty. The lack of difference between processes and threads might be possible because Linux does not hold a entire process context within the main process data structure. It keeps the context within autonomous sub-contexts. The process data structure basically contains pointers to these other structures, so every number of processes able easily shares a sub-context through pointing to the same sub-context as suitable. The arguments to the clone () system command it which sub-contexts to copy, and which to share, when it makes a new process. The new process constantly is given a new personality and a new scheduling context; in accord with arguments passed, however, it may either make new process use the same sub-context data structures being used by the parent. The fork () system call si special case of clone () that duplicate all sub-context and nothing to share. Process Scheduling Scheduling is allocating CPU time to different tasks within an operating system. Commonly, being the running and interrupting of process are normal thinking about scheduling, but another aspect of scheduling is also important to Linux which is running of the various kernel tasks. Kernel tasks surround both tasks that are requested through a running process and tasks which execute internally on behalf of device driver. Linux has two separately different process-scheduling algorithms. First one is a time-sharing algorithm for fair, preemptive scheduling within multiple processes; the second one is designed for real-time task, where particular priorities are more important than fairness. The scheduling algorithm used for routine, time-sharing tasks received a major overhaul with version 2.5 of the kernel. Before version 2.5, the Linux kernel made a variation of the scheduling algorithm in traditional UNIX. Problems with the traditional UNIX are among other issues that it does not provide sufficient support for SMP systems and that it does not scale very well as the number of tasks on the system grows. The renovation of the scheduler kernel with version 2.5 now provides a scheduling algorithm that runs in constant time without consideration of the number of task on the system. The new process scheduler also provides reduced support for SMP, including processor affinity and load balancing, besides maintaining fairness and interactive tasks supporting. The Linux scheduler is a particular, priority-based algorithm with two priority ranges separately: a real-time range from 0 to 99 and a nice value ranging from 100 to 140. These two ranges map into universal priority scheme through numerically lower values indicate higher priorities. Linux assigns higher-priority tasks longer time quanta and vice-versa. Due to unique nature of the scheduler, this is suitable for Linux. A run able task is considered qualify for execution on the CPU while it has time remaining in its time slice. When a task has expended its time slice, it is considered expired and is not eligible for twice execution till all other tasks have also exhausted their time quanta. The kernel support s a list of all run-able tasks in a run-queue data structure. Due to its support for SMP, each processor maintains its own run-queue and schedules itself independently. Each run-queue includes two priority arrays which are active and expired. The active array contains all expired tasks and each of these priority arrays contains a list of tasks indexed according to priority. The scheduler selects the task with the highest priority from the active array for execution on the CPU. On some multiprocessor machines, this means that each processor on the single machine is scheduling the highest-priority task from its own run-queue structure. So when all tasks have expended their time slices which is th e active array is empty, the two priority arrays are replaced as the expired array becomes the active array and vice-versa. Tasks are allocated dynamic priorities that are based on the nice value minus or plus until value 5 based upon task interactivity. Whether a value is subtracted or added from a nice value task depends on the task interactivity. A taskà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s interactivity is determined by how long it has been sleeping during waiting for I/O. Tasks that are more communicating typically have longer sleep times and so are more probably to have an adjustment closer to -5, as the scheduler supports such interactive tasks. in an opposite manner tasks with shorter sleep times are in many cases more CPU-bound and therefore will have their priorities decreased. The recalculation of dynamic priority task happens when the task has depleted its time quantum and is to be moved to the expired array. Therefore, when the two arrays are exchanged, all tasks have been assigned in the new array to new priorities and similar time slice. Real-time scheduling in Linux is simpler still. Linux performs the two real-time scheduling classes required by POSIX.1b: first come, first served (FCFS) and round robin. Each process has a priority extra to its scheduling class in both of them. Processes of different priorities might be competed with one another to some extent in scheduling of time sharing; in real time scheduling, however, the scheduler most of the time runs the process with the highest priority. Among equal priority processes, it runs the process which has been waiting longest. The only difference between round robin and FCFS scheduling is that FCFS processes continue to run till they either exit or block, but a round robin process will be acquired after a while and will be moved to the end of the scheduling queue, thus, equal priority round-robin processes will automatically time-share between themselves. Unlike usual time-sharing tasks, real-time tasks are allocated static priorities. Real-time Linux scheduling is soft rather than hard real-time. The scheduler gives strict guarantees about the relative priorities of real time processes, beside the kernel does not offer any guarantees that how quickly a real time process will be scheduled once that process become run able. Section 2: Computer Systems Architecture Microprocessors Single-Processor Systems Most of computer systems use a single processor. The diversity of single-processor systems may be surprising, however, since these computer systems range from PDAs through mainframe systems. There is one main CPU capable of performing a general purpose instruction set on a single processor system that including instructions from user processes. Almost all computer systems have other special purpose processors as well. They may come through device specific processors, for example graphics controllers, disk and keyboard; or, on mainframes, they may come from of more general processors, such as I/O processors which move data quickly among the component of the system. All of these special purpose system processors run a CPU limited instruction set in most of the time and do not run user processes. Sometimes they are administered by the operating system, in that the operating system sends them quickly information about their next task and then monitors their status alternatively. For instance, a disk controller microprocessor in a system receives a sequence of requests from the main CPU and executes its own disk queue and scheduling algorithm. This arrangement releases the main CPU of the overhead of the disk scheduling. All the PCs contain a particular microprocessor in the keyboard to change the keystrokes into code to be dispatched to the CPU. In some systems special purpose processors are low-level ingredient built into the systemà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s hardware. The operating system cannot communicate correctly with these kinds of processors; they do their task independently. The use of special purpose microprocessors is usual and does not change a single processor system into a multiprocessor. However, the system is a single-processor system if there is only one general-purpose CPU. Multiprocessor Systems Although single processor systems are most ordinary, multiprocessor systems known as parallel systems are growing in importance also. These systems have two or more processors in close communication, sharing the computer bus and sometimes the clock. Multiprocessor systems in computers have three main advantages: Increased throughput: it is expected to get more work done in few time by increasing the number of processors. When multiple processors work together on a task, a specific amount of overhead is incurred relevant all the parts working well. Economy of scale: Multiprocessor systems can sometimes cost less than multiple single processor systems, because they can share accessories, mass storage and power supplies. If several programs tasks operate on the same set of data, it costs little money to store those data on one hard disk and to have all the processors share them than to have many systems with local disks or many copies of the data. Increased reliability: if tasks can be distributed properly among several processors, so the failure of one processor will not stop the whole of system, only slow it down. For example; if we have five processors and one fails, then rest of the remaining four processors can obtain a share of the work of failed processor. So, the entire system runs only five percent slower, and not failing altogether. Increased reliability of a system is critical in many programs. The capability to continue providing service balanced to the level of surviving computer hardware is called graceful degradation. Some computer systems go beyond graceful- degradation and known fault tolerant, because they can tolerate a failure of any single component and then continue operation. Fault tolerance requires demands a mechanism to permit the failure to be detected, examined, and, if possible, corrected. The system is composed of multiple pairs of CPUs working in lock step. Both processors in the pair perform each instruction and compare the results. One CPU of the pair is at fault, and both are stopped if the results differ. the process which was being performed is then moved to another pair of CPUs, thus, the instruction that failed is restarted. This way is expensive, since it involves special system hardware and considerable hardware duplication. These days the multiple processor systems in use are of two types. The first types systems use asymmetric multiprocessing, that each processor is assigned a specific task. Thus, a master processor controls the system; and the other processors take instructions or have predefined tasks from master. This plan defines a accurate master-slave relationship. The master system processor schedules tasks and then allocates work to the slave processors. The most common computer systems use symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) to process the task, in which each processor executes all tasks within the operating system. SMP means that all system processors are peers; and no any master slave relationship exists among processors. Solaris is a commercial version of UNIX designed by Sun Microsystems that is a model of the SMP systems. A Solaris system might be configured to activate many of processors, all running Solaris. The difference between asymmetric processors and symmetric multiprocessing may result from either hardware or software. Some special hardware can distinguish the multiple system processors, or the computer software can be written to permit only one master and multiple slaves. A recent trend in CPU design these days is to comprise multiple compute cores on a single chip. Essentially, these are multiprocessor chips. Twoà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬way multi processor chips are becoming mainstreams, while N-way chips are going to be common in high end systems. Except architectural consideration such as memory, cache and bus, these multi-core CPUs look to the operating system. Lastly, blade servers are a recent development in which multiple processor boards systems, I/O boards and networking boards are placed in the same foundation. The difference between traditional multiprocessor systems and these is that each blade-processor boards are multiprocessor also, which makes difference between types of computers. In essence, those servers composed of multiple independent multiprocessor systems. Conclusion The Linux kernel is executed as a traditional en bloc kernel for performance reasons, but it is standardized enough in design to allow most drivers to be dynamically loaded and unloaded at run time. Linux is a well done multiuser system, arranging protection between processes and running multiple processes according to a time sharing scheduler. Recently produced processes can share selective parts of their execution environment through their parent processes, allowing multithreaded programming.

Book Report (the Titans Curse by Rick Rordan)

Percy Jackson The Titans Curse In this Percy Jackson and the Olympians book, it starts out when Thalia daughter of Zeus, Annabeth daughter or Athena, and Percy son of Poseidon set out to help Grover who found two really power full half bloods escort them back to camp have blood. But then they run into trouble when this really power monster shows up that works for Cronus try’s to take Bianca and Nico the two really powerful other half bloods. Before there group was about to be defeated Artemis goddess of the hunt and the moon sun of Apollo shows up and rescues them with her huntresses. Also Annabeth saved them but in the process she falls off the cliff and they could not find her, little do they no that she was really just captured by Luke and Cronus, Bianca joined the hunt with Artemis and left Nico at camp half blood to train to become stronger. Artemis left her huntresses to go find the one monster that could destroy Olympus, while trying to find the monster she was captured by Cronus and needs to be rescued before the winter solstice so that she can convince the council that they need to go to war to prevent the titans rise. So a quest was given to Zoe who was the leader of the huntresses that they should go save Artemis before the winter solstice and when she went to go consult the Delphi Oracle it said â€Å"five shall go west hunters and campers combined will not fail one shall be lost in the land without rain and another shall parish by a parents hand. † So since Zoe was the quest leader she got to choose who goes with her, she chose three hunters and two campers but one of the hunters got sick so she couldn’t go so only four of them left for the quest Zoe Bianca, Thalia and Grover but then Percy wanted to go save Annabeth so he snuck off to save her. He ends up meeting up with and saves them from the monster that tries to kill them early. When the got to New Mexico (which is a land with out rain) they go into the gods junk yard and this giant mechanical robot thing comes to life and then Bianca jumped into the robot and defeated it but she was lost and could not be found. They had to go all the way from camp half blood which is right out side New York all the way to California. When they finally go to California the had to go up the mountain of the titans so it is really dangerous also the general is back which is cronus’s number one warrior you no the guy who holds up the sky atlas. When they get up there they see Annabeth laying on the ground over where you hold up the sky and Artemis holding up the sky they also see Luke and Atlas and an army behind them Percy Jackson did the naturally stupid thing and charged Atlas but cause of this curse that was put on Percy his weapon riptide failed him and so he ran over to where Artemis was holding up the sky and took the sky for her so that she could fight Atlas, While that was happening Thalia was fighting Luke after he was defeated by her, he tried to jump at her but her reflexes was to fast and she kicked him off the cliff with was like a 30 foot drop so he should have died but didn’t when Artemis was fighting Atlas she was defeated and before she was about to get seriously hurt Zoe jumped in the way and saved her, which gave Artemis enough time to get up and ready to fight again. In the mean time Zoe was seriously hurt and was about to die and everyone else was about to get defeated but then Artemis kicked Atlas under the sky again and so Percy jumped out of the way and so Atlas was stuck once again under the sky, but there was still a giant army that was surrounding them but out of no where Annabeth’s dad which owned a plane came out and started shooting all the monsters with Celtic bronze bullets which gave Artemis enough time to call down a chariot and so they jumped in to get away. Zoe was still really injured and on her death bed. She ends up dieing and then they find out that Atlas was Zoe’s dad so she perished by a parents hand. When they get back to camp half blood Nico found out his sister died so he got really angry and ran off which on his way finds out he is the son of Hades. Up on mount Olympus on the winter solstice they end up finding the monster which was a harmless cow sea serpent and so if you sacrifice a harmless monster you g ain the power to over throw the gods, Artemis convinces the gods that they need to go to war with the titans.

National Festivals - 2272 Words

3 National festivals Independence Day Independence Day, August 15, commemorates the day in 1947 when India achieved freedom from British rule. The day is celebrated to commemorate the birth of the world`s biggest democracy as a national festival. Till Independence, there is no true national festival that the whole country could take part of. Independence Day, beginning as a day to commemorate the greatest moment in Indian history, has now come to signify a feeling of nationalism, solidarity and celebration. Independence day is celebrated with flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programs in the state capitals. The Prime Minister`s speech at the Red Fort in Delhi is the major highlight. All Government Organisations have a holiday, as†¦show more content†¦The parade is succeeded by sports events in the afternoon. `At Home` functions at the Raj Bhavan, at the District Magistrate`s and at the SDM`s are followed by illumination of public buildings of the state capitals and administrative headquarters. Republic Day is gradually acquiring the status as that of the 4th of July in USA. The celebrations are universal, total and participatory, children take part in a big way. Variations in culture are displayed through colourful attires and folk dances. The traditional predominates along with a touch of modernity reflected in the display of might (latest defence gadgetry and acquisitions), technology and capabilities of growth in various sectors. The parade symbolizes the might; the tableaux are predominated by cultural motifs. The celebration is thus, homage to the past, the region and the nation that is a true republic and imposes nothing. The patriotic fervor of the Indian people on this day brings the whole country together even in her embedded diversity. Gandhi Jayanti Gandhi Jayanti, a national festival of India, is celebrated to mark the occasion of the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation. It is celebrated on October 2, every year. It is one of the three official declared National Holidays of India and is observed in all its states and union territories. He is the man who played a significant role in achieving independence for India from the British Empire with his simplicity andShow MoreRelatedA Speech On Indian Festivals1336 Words   |  6 PagesIndian Festivals General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech, my audience will have a better understanding of the scientific and practical explanations behind certain rituals and customs of Indian festivals. I. Introduction A. Many of us identify Indian festivals to be of colorful dresses and rituals, rainbow of food choices and lots of music and dancing. B. Have any of you ever wondered the reasons behind all this pomp and show? C. According to Kunzig from National GeographicRead More‘The commercialization of festivals has eroded their real significance.’ Express your views either for or against this statement887 Words   |  4 PagesA festival is an occasion for rejoicing and celebration. It conjures up scenes of gaiety and merrymaking. It is an occasion for family rejoicing and community celebrations. Festivals break the monotony of life, bring peace and joy to the masses and above all promote social interaction and harmony. All nations have their religious and colorful festivals. Being a multi-religious, multilingual and multi-racial country, Indians celebrate a number of festivals all through the year. However, Indian Read MoreA Research Study Of Event Tourism1206 Words   |  5 Pageswhich actively supports the events and festivals through strong recognition and sponsorship (South Australian Tourism Commission official website 2016). The study of Event tourism: definition, evolution and research (Getz 2007), identified the events play an important role in tourism, the events can be planned or unplanned, temporary in nature and purposive gathering of people. Events can be classified as different types: hallmark events, mega events, festival, arts events, sports events, businessRead MoreEssay on Planning a Successful Event2513 Words   |  11 PagesSummary This report looks into the planning process of a food and drink festival held in Leeds. The report will be analysing the stages of the planning process chosen for this particular event, and it will be specifying the sector of the market in which will be targeted to attract to the festival. 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Therefore with theRead MoreEssay Woody Point Music Festival Case Study2089 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Woody Point Festival Case Analysis Introduction With its inception in 2004, the Writers at Woody Point Festival have become an ever increasingly popular annual literature festival for Newfoundland’s west coast. The festival has grown each year and has now reached the point where council believes a formal marketing strategy and plan is necessary for the festivals short and long term economic sustainability in the ever-increasingly competitive literature festival market. To create the marketingRead MoreThe Growth Of An International Arts Festival2065 Words   |  9 Pagesinternational arts festival in Bournemouth should be seen as an addition of the borough’s economic portfolio through the inventive industries, providing imaginary economic and excellence of life advantage for Bournemouth residents. 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The attendants of the festival were youths from around the United States in ages ranging from 17 to 26. The overall mood of the festival was very relaxed and happy. Although there was a minimal amount of violence at Woodstock, there were financial problems, drugs, nudity, and traffic jams that seemed to go for miles down

How to Find Background Information for Thesis

Once you’re done with the topic, you have to locate various sources that provide background information on the subject. Finding background information for thesis at the very beginning of your research is highly important if you’re not really into the subject area, or not sure from where to approach the given topic. Some of the background information you may find will include major events and dates, broad overview of the topic, specific vocabulary terms, etc. How can one find these issues? Encyclopedias These are highly important sources to consult when performing the initial research on a topic. In general encyclopedias one may find basic information regarding a great variety of subjects in a well-organized and readable format. In case you are 100% sure about the subject area that you’d like to pick your topic from, you may need subject or specialized encyclopedia instead. These kinds of encyclopedias limit their scope to a certain area of study, providing the reader with more detailed material about the topic. Periodicals The matter concerns the publications that are printed monthly, daily, weekly, quarterly or annually. Various magazines, journals and newspapers – make certain to look through all of them to take the most out of them! Because of fresh information, articles taken from various periodicals make excellent resources for the given topics. Internet The World Wide Web is a huge ocean of both – good and bad materials. Make sure to be critical of everything you face with on the web when searching for background information for the thesis. Moreover, you must be careful that you understand the material you take from internet and cite in your work. Google Scholar, Wikipedia, Google Books – all these sources are at your service to find the most suitable reference! Experts If you can approach specialists of the chosen area – don’t miss this opportunity! Interviewing someone, who is involved in the field you’re studying is a chance to get the up-to-date information first hand. Prepare the list of the questions. This will save time for you and the person you’re going to communicate with. Some students wonder what they need background information for. There are several reasons why searching for background material is a must-to-do task. First of all, background information is a perfect opportunity to face with new ideas. It’s a chance to decide what you are actually want to say on the given topic or what part of the topic you would like to dedicate your thesis for. To add more, background information provides the names of important places, people and things that are a necessary part of your subject. Feel free to make use of these names to search for articles or books later. And finally, background information opens up new information sources you can also take benefits from.

Reasons For Attending The University Of California

There are a few reasons why I chose to attend the University of California, Los Angeles: Location, cost, the famous alumni, the historic athletic program, etc., but the main reason I chose UCLA was to obtain a college degree from one of the most prestigious public Universities in the world. Earning a degree is especially important to me because no one in my family (immediate or extended) has ever graduated from college. In fact, only a few members of family my have even taken a college class before – let alone obtained a college degree. Knowing that I could be (will be) the first in my family to not only graduate from college, but to graduate from a college like UCLA, is something that I hold very dear to my heart because of the amount of respect that people have towards this school. A degree from UCLA carries a little extra weight of importance because people have a significant deal of respect for the UCLA brand. People respect the UCLA brand for more than the Universities academic and athletic accomplishments; people also respect the UCLA brand because they have learned that they can come to expect a certain code of conduct from all UCLA Bruins – whether they are interacting with current students, alumni, or faculty. This positive perception that people associate with a degree from UCLA is what gives the degree the extra meaning it has. 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Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations and Scope for Further Research Free Essays

string(111) " family needs of Indian middle class and therefore, small cars remain preferred choice of Indian middle class\." Chapter –VI FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH This research was broad based, involving multi dimensional study of all possible factors influencing the Personal Market in general and Small Car Market in particular. There are very important findings related to influence of socio-economic issues of Indian middle class, infrastructural issues like development of roads, government policies, price and cost of running and maintaining the car etc. Performance of Tata Motors Nano car, which is the smallest car, in the small car segment, and was positioned to meet the requirement of a spatial segment of Indian buyer was also studied extensively. We will write a custom essay sample on Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations and Scope for Further Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6. 1 Findings and Conclusions Major findings and conclusions drawn from the study are listed below -1. 71 percent of respondents have shown their preference towards low engine capacity cars to get higher fuel efficiency. It shows that in future only cars giving higher fuel efficiency will be preferred by Indian consumers. . 73percent of the respondents have shown their preference toward small cars as due to increased traffic and congestion on roads. As vehicle population is increasing continuously and size of city roads started appearing narrow, it can be concluded that small cars will prove sustainable in the future. 3. 74 percent of respondents have shown their preference towards small cars due to parking convenience of roads. In cities due to phenomenal increase in number of vehicles, parking is proving to be a big problem. Parking of small cars is a bit easy and therefore, in future people are likely to prefer small cars. 210 4. In recent past car manufacturers have launched a number of models of small cars with comparable features of big cars, consequently small car owners can now enjoy all these features in small cars also. In all 73 percent of respondents have expressed their happiness due to this reason endorsed the purchase of small car. 5. In India still personal disposable income of majority of respondent is not so high that they can afford to buy a big car and therefore, 71 percent of the total respondents have expressed their opinion that their disposable income permit them to buy only a small car and thus small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian car market. 6. In India due to increase in literacy rate and also desire to lead a comfortable life have induced the people to observe small family norm, which can easily be accommodated in small cars, the of choice people is, therefore, shifting towards small cars. 0 percent of total respondents have expressed the view that small car is good for them as they have small family. 7. 70 percent of the total respondents have expressed their opinion that they prefer the small cars as repair facility is available easily and next to their door for the repair of the same. 8. In past few years the number and percentage of women in employment is increasing staidly. Such women employee prefers the small cars due to variety of reasons. 76 percent of the total respondents have expressed their agreement to the fact that increased women employment has boost the sale of small cars. As this trend is going to persist, the future of small car is bright. 9. Increased affluence and easy availability of loans and finance facilities have led to many two wheeler users to buy their first car which is normally a small car. This has made the small cars sustainable in Indian car market. 78 percent of total respondents have endorsed this fact. 10. In past few years urban as well as rural affluence has increased. This has boosted the trend of urbanization. This in turn induces the people to buy 211 ars. In all 77 percent respondents are of the opinion that growing urban population has boost the market of small cars in India. 11. In past one decade a phenomenon improvement has taken place in the road network. This has induced the sale of small cars in India. 81 percent of the total respondents are of the opinion that improved conditions of roads even in small cities have led to increase in demand of small cars. 12. Government of India has formulated such policies which stimul ate the sale of small cars. 2 percent of total respondents are of the opinion that favorable government policy has boost the sale of small cars. 13. Price of the cars as well cost of spares, parts and component also govern the choice of a car. Normally price of small cars as well cost of spares, parts and components are comparatively low and affordable. Therefore, people prefer to buy small cars. This fact was endorsed by 74 percent of the total respondents. Thus it appears that small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian market. 14. The cost of repair and maintenance is comparatively very low in case of small cars. This also remains one of the considerations in forming the decision to buy a car. 83 percent of the total respondents are of the opinion that lower cost of repair and maintenance has influenced their decision to buy a small car. 15. Government levies taxes on small cars by low rate and rate of insurance of small cars is also very low as compare to big cars which are higher priced, therefore large number of people opts for purchase of small cars. A majority (68%) of the respondents have shown their agreement towards this. 16. About 3/4th of the total respondents are of the opinion that small cars are still preferred choice of Indian consumers therefore, it can be concluded that small cars will be sustainable in Indian car market. 17. 77 percent of the respondents are of the opinion that constantly rising costs of inputs and fuel prices will contribute to the sustainability of small cars. 18. Small cars prove sufficient to meet the family needs of Indian middle class and therefore, small cars remain preferred choice of Indian middle class. You read "Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations and Scope for Further Research" in category "Essay examples" 212 This fact was endorsed by 82 percent of the total respondents. Therefore it can be concluded safely that small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian car market. 19. Over the years a status consciousness has developed among Indian middle class and to fulfill this need they prefer to buy small car as most of them can not afford to buy a big car. Therefore, small cars remain a preferred choice of Indian middle class. 82 percent of the total respondents have endorsed this view and therefore it can be concluded that small cars will be sustainable in Indian automobile sector. 20. Indian middle class consumer is buying a car for either as a necessity or for comfort. The financial constraint therefore does not permit him to have the luxury of expensive, out of reach big cars. 82 percent of the total respondents of this study are of the same opinion. Looking to large base of middle class population in India, it can safely be concluded that small cars are going to be sustainable in Indian car market. 21. Parking of cars at residence is proving a difficult proposition now-a-days. Indian middle class resides normally in compact houses, parking space is in these houses is limited or non existent. In such conditions Indian middle class finds it is more comfortable with small cars. 83 percent of the total respondents acknowledged this fact and endorsed that the parking convenience at residence induces middle class to buy a small car. Thus it is concluded that small car will be sustainable in Indian car market. 22. Family and peer pressure often plays an important role in making buying decision of a vehicle . In case of Indian middle class this pressure induces them to buy small car. 68 percent of the total respondents were of the opinion that this pressure nduces the Indian middle class to buy the small cars. Therefore, small cars will remain a preferred choice of Indian middle class. 213 23. Working women in general and from middle class in particular prefer to buy a small car due to driving and parking comforts offered by such cars. Therefore, small car is a preferred choice of Indian Middle class working women. About 84 percent of total respondents have endorsed this fact. A s the number of middle class women employees is on increase continuously, it can be concluded that small cars will sustain in the Indian automobile sector. 4. The focus of current middle class families is more on spending and enjoying life. Their personal disposable income has also increased substantially. The desire to lead a conferrable life is motivating them to buy a car, and with the financial constraint more then often it is small car. Therefore, popularity of small cars is increasing. 80 percent of respondents have shown their agreement that desire to lead comfortable life among middle class will contribute to the sustainability of small cars. 25. Of late Indian middle class has become status conscious. One of the simple ways to exhibit the status consciousness is to buy a car. Therefore, more and more middle class people are embarking upon the decision to buy a car. This fact is going to contribute to the sustainability of small cars in Indian automobile sector. 83 percent of the total surveyed respondents have expressed their agreement to this. 26. Number of middle class people is on continuous increasing in Indian, since small car is a preferred choice of this segment, it can be concluded that small car will sustain in Indian market. This view has been endorsed by 81 percent of the total respondents. 7. A very small car launched by Tata Motors is not sustainable in Indian automobile sector as 82 percent of the respondents have expressed their opinion against Nano it is perceived as not safe and stable. 28. Tata Motors Nano is not preferred by Indian consumers in spite of being low price and more fuel efficient, as almost 97 percent of the respondents have 214 expressed their agre ement to this. Thus price of car and fuel efficiency of it, are not only the factors taken into consideration by Indian consumers while making purchase decision for cars. Their decisions are governed by other factors also like safety, features, driving comfort, status, convenience, etc. 29. Nano is not even preferred by Indian consumers as suitable for â€Å"† Only for City use† car.. 91 percent of the respondents have expressed this view. 30. Nano is not a preferred choice of Indian consumers, neither as a first car nor as a second or additional car. 88 percent of respondents have disown it as their choice as a first car and 93 percent of respondents have disown it as their choice as second or additional car. 31. Tata Motors Nano car was positioned as a better alternative for two wheeler. However those who are using two wheelers for their personal and family use and can afford to buy at least a small car are also having hesitation in buying Nano. 93 percent of the respondents have that they would not like Nano to take out their family instead of scooter or a motor bike. Thus it can be concluded that Tata Motors Nano has lost it’s initial charm and hype created in Indian car market. 32 Out of the total surveyed respondents (1500) , 1271 respondents have acknowledged that they are using small car ,remaining of respondents said they are not using a small car. This implies that Indian car market scene is still dominated by small car. 33. 79 percent of the respondents those using small car have expressed their satisfaction with a small car. Remaining 21 percent of respondents were not satisfied by with the small car. This very high satisfaction level with the users, is clear indication of sustainability of small car in Indian market. 34. 83 percent of the total respondents have acknowledged that they would like to recommend the car currently being used by them to the prospective buyers. This again shows that most of the car users are satisfied with their 215 present car, whether big or small, and they would like to recommend the same to the prospective buyers. This study has already established the fact that the sale of small car is dominating, this response further support the sustainability of small car in Indian market. 35. This study also reveals that 73 percent of the respondents have expressed their opinion that small car will be the preferred choice of Indian Middle Class and will sustain in Indian car market. 6. RECOMMENDATIONDS AND SUGGESTIONS For this study the questionnaire was so designed to get a clear idea about the preferences, choices, socio- economic issues, financial constraints, influencing factor of government actions and policies, consumer profiles etc. Since the study covers interest of all stake holders of Indian automobile sector, the recommendations are grouped under the following†¢ Recommendations for the car and auto component manufac tures. †¢ Recommendations for auto finance organizations. †¢ Recommendations for policy planners- †¢ Recommendations for prospective car buyers. One important finding coming out of this study, which can change significantly the dynamics of Indian business, is shift in the consumer profile. Though the urbanization is taking place at a very high rate, it is the consumption of Rural India which is increasing at faster rate then Urban India. There for the recommendations for the basis of shift in consumer profile are grouped together, for the four segments of stake holders as specified above. 216 6. 2. 1 Recommendations for the car and auto component manufactures1. The fuel efficiency is one of the prime concerns of the car users and therefore it is recommended that the future car engine designee should be based on fuel efficiency and note on high horse power. 2. The availability of repair facility is having influence on buying decision, and therefore it is recommended that the car manufacturer should address this requirement before introducing any high technology based models of small cars for Indian market. 3. The study reveals that the small car is preferred by working women. Introduction of some variance of the car models having â€Å"Women friendly accessories† will attract the women customers. 4. The cost of the spare parts is of concern of car users. To boost the sale of their product it is suggested that the auto component manufacturers, open their dealer networks and service outlets to meet customer’s requirements directly. This is already in practice for car batteries, tyers etc. The Auto electrical segment can also use this. 5. The study reveals that there is shift in consumer profile. The consumer in he rural area is having more stakes in consumption. Currently the car designs are for the urban users. It is recommended that to take advantage of this shift some variance of car models can be designed to attract rural customers. 6. The Tata Motors Nano car is having low price and fuel efficient engine, but as the study reveals it is not accepted by consumers due to various issues like safety, durability, not suitable for long distance travel etc. It is recommended that car manufacture should take a note of this in designing the future models. They are advised to conduct the extensive survey of consumers, particularly, of Nano users, that why a small car launched in Indian car market with a big fan fare could not pick-up and lost its charm in a very short span of time, so that they can revive Nano as per expectations of public and can make it a great success in Indian car market. 217 7. Although 79 percent of the small car users have expressed their satisfaction with the small car being used by them, but 19 percent of the respondents have also expressed their dissatisfaction with the small car which can not be termed as insignificant from any yardstick. Small car manufacturers are advised to develop a suitable mechanism to identify such dissatisfaction and must take concrete steps to overcome their dissatisfaction. 6. 2. 2 i. Recommendations for auto finance organizations. One of the findings of the study is that financing of car purchase is key driver of auto industry. In the discussions it is felt that, as the disposable income is low in the beginning of the career and increases with the passes of time the initial Equated Monthly Installments (EMIs) are proved heavy and burdensome on the purchasers. ii. It is therefore, recommended that auto finance companies can adopt a model of financing in which monthly payment in the initial period can be low, with a gradual increase afterwards. 6. 2. 3 Recommendations for government and policy planners(i) The constantly increasing fuel prices on the one hand support the choice of small car but on the other hand the cost conscious consumer may stop shifting from two wheelers to car. The government, therefore, can take suitable policy decision to offset the impact of increased fuel price by reduction of other taxes and duties on fuel. ii) The study reveals the concern of the parking and traffic congestion on roads. It is recommended that â€Å"Town Planers† and policy makers in the government should suitably address these problems. Looking to the shortage of parking area in the city following solutions can be considered(a) Providing high-rise parking setups with lifts. 218 (b) Parking plazas out side city, with rapid transport system conne ctivity to business areas. (c) Making it mandatory to use roof tops for parking, like basement is used of high-rise buildings. (d) The traffic congestion on road, especially in cities, is often because of non adherence to the driving discipline by users. The traffic management system, therefore need to be made more efficient, active and accountable. (iii) To further boost automobile sector, more reforms in this sector are required, Since the Auto Policy published in 2002, is already more then a decade old a working group of experts should be asked to come out a new policy frame work, taking into consideration the current status and challenges. 6. 2. 4 Recommendations for prospective car buyers. (i) From this study one fact has come out clearly that, currently many models with many variances in each model, are available for a buyer. It is therefore recommended that in selecting a car the buyer should carefully evaluate the technical specifications, and match, the same with his needs. (ii) There are different schemes with different auto finance organizations. With a careful study of the schemes available at the time of car purchase, substantial saving in car financing can be obtained. (iii) Tata Motors Nano car is not favored by majority of the respondents, due to their perceptions, related to safety, stability, status symbol etc. However the manufacturer is continuously working to rectify these concerns. For the buyers having low disposable income, it is therefore recommended that at least considering the very low price of this car, the current model available at the time of purchase can be once again technically evaluated (iv) The government policies for protection of environment are also influencing the engine type and the fuel used in a car. It is therefore 219 recommended that buyer should select a model which is having futuristic technology engine. 6. 2. 5 ESPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE BASIS OF SHIFT IN CONSUMER PROFILEThis study reveals the fact that the ‘Rural Market’ of India is growing more rapidly then ‘Urban Market’. The perception of car manufacturing industry as well as policy planers with the government in India has considered car as a commodity for urban population. This sift in the consumer profile if taken into serious consideration can lead to following recommendations6. 2. 5. 1Recommendations for the car manufacturesi. The interior design of the cars for the future models can be reviewed, and new models or at least some variants of new models can have features suitable for rural buyer. To give examples the long front seat of retro models can be reintroduced, the capacity of petrol tank can be increased etc. ii. The topographic requirement of rural area can be considered for technical specifications, of the cars e. g. wheel size, road clearance etc. to make it more acceptable in rural India. It is necessary to provide additional protection against dust to the vital elements, like fuel injection systems, carburetors, ignition system etc. iii. It is recommended that car manufacturers explore the possibility of introducing â€Å"Four Wheel Drive† system in small car as well. iv. The Personal car sales- net work currently focuses more on urban India, a shift is recommended in this approach. v. It is recommended that, after sale service net work is to be extended to rural area. Since the area to be serviced will be very large, a module having a central workshop with mobile service vehicles attached to it can also be considered. 220 vi. For the manufacturer like Maruti having major stake in small car segment, it is recommended that they can develop a system through which some selected fuel outlets can be used for providing authorized repair service by tanning the staff of fuel outlet. . 2. 5. 2 Recommendations for auto finance organizationsi. The current system of Equated Monthly Installments, is meeting the requirements of urban consumers which are generally fixed monthly income employees. The earning pattern of the rural consumers is different as it is seasonal. Therefore it is recommended that schemes where the option of repayment in unequaled installments, with a rider to make the complete repayment in a predefined period can be introduced. ii. The cooperative banks are generally very strong in rural India. It is recommended that captive auto finance companies can start exploring the possibilities of working with these banks. 6. 2. 5. 3Recommendations for policy plannersThe growth in auto industry segment works as a catalyst for the entire manufacturing sector. This growth is meeting the two very important key objectives of the government e. g. Improved GDP and more employment. It is therefore recommended that the policy planners in government should design the policies which can boost the sale of cars (small cars) in Indian ruler market. Some of the suggestions are as underi. It is recommended that in place of uniform road taxes throughout the state, a system of differential taxes based on the type of the area in which a personal vehicle is in use can be implemented. ii. To increase the use of cars, more priority should be also given to the roads connecting the villages to nearby cities. 221 iii. It is recommended that like agriculture equipments the soft loan schemes, for rural user to be extended for Personal Vehicles iv. Government should consider suitable tax incentives for the promotion of R D in the automobile sector, which can be directly attributed to suitable vehicle for Rural India 6. 2. 5. 4 Recommendations for prospective car buyers. i. The service backup is very necessary for the high technology based cars. It is therefore suggested that buyer should examine this aspect carefully. ii. The road conditions may very from the cities in the rural area. The car specifications required to be looked into, from this angle. 6. 3 Directions for Future/ Further Study i. The study pertains to study of sustainability of small cars in Indian automobile sector. This study opens the scope for conducting future researches on the sustainability of big cars MPVs, SUVs, LCVs and heavy vehicles. ii. The study is confined to conduct the study of market sustainability; however, future studies may be undertaken for conducting the technical sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability, and financial sustainability of small cars or any other product. iii. The study also opens the avenue of conducting such study at international level covering different dimensions of sustainability of small cars. 222 How to cite Findings, Conclusions, Recommendations and Scope for Further Research, Essays

Z-Schema on Wheat Truck Control System

Question: Describe about the topic "Z-Schema on Wheat Truck Control System". Answer: Z Specification Language: This is also known as formal specification language based on Z-notation after ZermeloFraenkel set theory , used for describing and modelling the computing based systems. This theory was proposed by Jean-Raymond Abrial with the help of Steve Schuman and Bertrand Meyer. It utilises the standard Mathematical notations used in First Order Predicated Logic, Lambda Calculus and Axiomatic Set Theory. Not only it uses the notation of above given mathematical theories it also combines there rules and assumptions too for describing the computing system. This language describes the Software as a Mathematical Function. It defines a software with using functions and the relation in between. This formal language stresses that the- Analysing a system with mathematical techniques is more powerful than human being. It helps to eliminate the Ambiguity in the specification by avoiding the reasoning errors and proving the implementation specification correct according to the requirement. It helps to perform systematic deduction of programs based on the predicate language. It also helps in automated QA techniques and also Automated Testing the models and computing systems. The concept it uses for Specification Reasoning- Logic: Propositional Language, Predicated Language Data: Sets, Relations and Functions, sequences, bags etc Z-Schema: The Z-schema also defines the structure of the system, it is a 2-Dimensional graphical notation for describing State Spaces Operations Z-Schema Conventions: Place the name of the schema in the declaration part by using-includes, by using variables in it. Input variable name is terminated by question mark (?). Only input will be variable name. The output variable is terminated by an exclamation mark (!). The (Xi) symbol means that schema is not changed. If we write (delta) instead of then it means that Schema will change. The pre- condition is defined by using Known and it is under variable name. The post condition is defined by using tel . Scenario given in the assignment: Software Methodologies Wheat Truck Control System (WTC) As a Software Engineering consultant, your task is to develop a formal specification in Z for the following proposed system: Wheat Truck Control System (WTC) A new computerized system is to be developed for the storage and handling of accounts for wheat farmers and truck deliveries to Mahsroh Wheat Board silos. Detailed below are the major objects to be considered in the system: silos, ships, trucks and farmers. This system could be quite complicated. However, to simplify the system for this assignment we will be content to include the following in our proposed system: Silos The Board currently has ten (10) wheat silos around the country but the system must be written to seamlessly handle at least twice that number. Each silo has a unique name and storage capacity (in tonnes) that must be stored in the proposed system. In addition the system must maintain the current amount of wheat stored in the silo. Obviously when the silo is full no further deliveries of wheat can be made to that silo before some is off-loaded onto a ship for export overseas. Similarly a silo cannot off-load more wheat onto a ship than is currently stored. We will assume that when off -loading to a ship, no trucks can unload due to operational and safety considerations. Only one ship can be handled at a time at each silo. We will assume that only one truck can unload into a particular silo at any one time. Therefore during busy times each silo also maintains a queue of trucks waiting to unload. Trucks should only be entered into the waiting queue when there is sufficient room for the wheat that the truck holds, i.e. you need to know that the current storage plus all the loads currently in the queue will not exceed the silos capacity. Ships The system will keep a record of all ships that have been registered to transport wheat overseas for the Wheat Board. The ships name, nationality and capacity (in tonnes) will be stored. The ship's captain can specify the amount of wheat to be off-loaded into the ship as long as it is less than the ships capacity and also the silos current amount in storage. The system will keep a record of the amount of wheat off-loaded to the ship and adjust the current storage appropriately. Trucks As each loaded truck arrives at the silo, it is weighed to ascertain the amount of wheat in the truck. The system maintains a list of registered trucks and their empty weight (in tonnes). Therefore, a single weighing is sufficient to determine the wheat load. If there is sufficient room in the silo then the wheat is off-loaded into the silo and a record is kept of the amount off-loaded against both the truck registration number and the farmer providing the wheat. Date and Time Normally we would maintain the date and time of each operation (truck delivery or ship off-loading) however to simplify this assignment we will ignore those aspects. Instead, we will keep a sequential count of each operation for each silo. Therefore, we will have a history of the order of truck unloading and ship off-loading operations that take place for each silo. The system would be able to say for example, that silo HORSHAM_1, operation number 999 involved 25 tonne of wheat delivered by the truck registered TONKA owned by Jack Black from farmer Bob Smith. Then operation 1000 was an off-loading operation of 125,000 tonnes to the ship -Southern Aurora-. There is also a need to keep track of the operation order between silos, therefore we will keep a global sequential count of the operations at silos as well. See the following table for an example: Global No Silo Count Operation Vehicle Name Tonnes Farmer 12336 HORSHAM_1 999 Load TONKA 25 Smith, Bob 12337 MELBOURNE 555 Load DUPLO 20 Jones, Mark 12338 HORSHAM_1 1000 Off-Load Southern Aurora 125,000 12339 MELBOURNE 556 Load LEGGO 50 Simons, Jill 12340 HORSHAM_1 1001 Load TONKA 25 Jones, Mark Farmers The system will maintain a record of each farmer supplying wheat to the silo. Details to be kept include the farmers name, address and phone number. Z Schema Operations You are to create a Z schema that adequately describes the WTC system. It should include at least one state space and the following operations: An initialization operation called Init. An operation Enter_new_silo that an operator uses to enter the details of a new silo into the system. Assume the new silo is currently empty. An operation Accept_delivery that an operator uses to signal the system to begin off-loading x tonne of wheat from a truck. Note that the system must do a check to see if that storage capacity is available in the silo, if not then an error message must be output and no truck unloading done. Additional information needed by this routine is the truck registration and the farmers name. If successful this operation stores all necessary details into the system for that delivery. If a truck is already unloading then this new truck will be placed in a queue waiting for its turn to unload. An operation Leave_queue. This operation is run by the system operator each time there is a queue for a silo and the driver of a specified truck decides that the anticipated waiting time is too long and leaves the queue. The operation outputs to the operator the list of trucks in the queue after the specified truck is removed or if none in the queue a reasonable error message. An operation Silo_account that outputs the total amount of wheat in tonnes delivered to a particular silo by ALL farmers in a specified time period (note that means between two global operations numbers in our simplified system). In other words between global operations 10000 and 10500 for example. An operation Ships_total_account that outputs the total amount of wheat that a particular ship has taken from ALL silos in the total history of the system. An operation Farmers_account that outputs the total amount of wheat delivered to ALL silos in between two specified global operation numbers (e.g. 10000 and 10500). You should provide robust versions of each operation that are capable of handling any possible error conditions. For example, if the ship or truck is not correctly registered in the system an appropriate error message must be given. Pseudocode for each operation specified for Z-Schema- Initialization Operation: Operation Init; Start Login to Wheat Control system Select operation to perform Execute the operation Accept result End Operation Enter_new_Silo; Start Open new account for Silo. Enter name , Name should be unique from the stored list. Enter Storage Capacity. Display-Silo is currently empty. End Operation Accept Delivery Start Select Operation Accept Delivery. Verify Truck Registration No. Verify Farmer Name Check load in Truck Check if Silo has capacity to store this load(Silo Capacity current Silo Load+ Truck Load) If Silo can store load then Check loaded status of Truck (Unloaded or Not Unloaded) If not unloaded then unload wheat from Truck Else bring next Truck from the Queue Perform Operation Accept Delivery. End Operation Leave_Queue Start Select Operation Leave_Queue . Check Truck Queue If no truck in queue then display message No Truck in the queue If trucks in the queue then update Queue status(No of Trucks in queue, Truck R. No, Driver Info, Farmer info, sequence no of Truck in queue) Check if any driver wants to leave as the queue is too long and it will take more time in queue Then update status of the Queue End Operation Silo_Account: Start Select operation Silo_Account Display List of Delivered Truck on the Silo Perform sum of amount of wheat delivered (Sum=weight(truck1+truck2+.truck n) Display Sum End Operation Ships_Total_ Account: Start Select Operation Ships_Total_Account Display List of Silos from where the Wheat is loaded on the Ship. Perform Sum of amount of wheat delivered (Sum=weight(Silo1+Silo2+Silo n) Display Sum End Operation Farmer_Account Start Select Operation Farmer Account Display list of Farmers that delivered weight on silos Accept Farmer no Display Farmer details End Z-Schema for Wheat control Truck- Wheat control truck System Operation Init Wheat Control Truck System Name?: Init Name ?:Select operation Result! accept Result Known= known U {name ?} {Operation DisplayNot valid Operation} Operation Enter_new_Silo Wheat Control Truck System Name ? : Enter_new_Silo Outcome! New Silo Info { {Name of Silo : Name of Silo Name Of Silo List Silo Storage Capacity Not valid Entry} Display Status Silo Currently Empty S:Silo detail Updated Operation Accept Delivery Wheat Control Truck System Farmer Wheat Truck Silo Name ? Accept Delivery Operation Leave_Queue Wheat Control Truck System Wheat TruckQueueSilo Name ? Leave_Queue Outcome! Status of the Queue References Alexander. C, Chris F, Shalom. L, (2012), The Handbook of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing, Wiley Publication Ronald .V, (2014), Formal Language Theory: Perspectives and Open Problems, Academic Press Shaoying. L, Zhenhua .D, (2016), Structured Object-Oriented Formal Language and Method, Springer Publication Sommerville, (2011), Software Engineering, Pearson Publication .Roger S. Pressman, Software Engineering-A Practitioners Approach, Mc Graw-Hill International Edition David .G ,(2000), Software Engineering- Schaums Outlines, , Tata Mc Graw-Hill. J.M Spivey, An Introduction to Z Formal Language, From- www. people.csail.mit.edu (Accessed on 29 May 2016).